Despite of the susceptibility to the Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), Pera sweet orange is the most important citrus cultivar in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the CTV aggressiveness and the relationship with the agronomic performance of 24 accessions of Pera and related sweet oranges. Accessions belonging to the Citrus Germplasm Collection of the Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Londrina, PR, were included in the study. Citrus tristeza disease was rated based on the severity of stem pitting symptoms. Yields were evaluated in the 2010/2011, 2011/2012, and 2012/2013 seasons, and tree growth in 2012. The best performance regarding stem pitting severity was shown by Redonda accession, followed by Ipiguá II. Vegetative tree vigor was more evident for Redonda, Tardia CO3, and Guilherme Spagnol accessions. These Pera and related sweet oranges accessions also showed the highest fruit yields, along with Vimusa, Santa Tereza, Ipiguá, Ipiguá II, D-6, and Paulo Rosa. Vegetative tree vigor, yield and number of fruits were inversely correlated with citrus tristeza disease stem pitting severity. Therefore, the poor agronomic performance of some Pera and related sweet oranges is probably related to the presence of severe CTV complexes infecting these accessions.

The objective of this work was to assess, through consumption and utilization of natural food measurements, whether mulberry cultivars, Morus spp., could be recommended to rear the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., in a commercial scale. The mulberry cultivars Miura (standard), Korin and Tailandesa and the hybrids FM 3/3, FM 86, SK 1 and SK 4 were tested. Seventy five fifth-instar commercial hybrid larvae were individualized in gerbox® unities and maintained in a rearing room (25 ± 3ºC and 80 ± 10% RH).The mulberry leaves of each of the five cultivars used to feed the silkworm larvae were submitted to bromatological analysis. The dry weight of larvae at the beginning and at the end of the fifth instar, the food consumed and the feces eliminated were recorded to determine the following indexes: relative consumption rate (RCR), relative metabolic rate (RMR), relative growth rate (RGR), approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), metabolic cost (MC). The bromatological composition analysis of mulberry leaf cultivars revealed that the hybrid SK 4 presented superior nutritional quality compared to the standard cultivar Miura, due to its higher content in crude protein and ethereal extract, and lower detergent fiber content. The hybrid SK 4 was the most adequate food to the silkworm larvae because it was ingested in small amounts, thus providing good digestibility to the larvae, low metabolic cost, good growth rate and one of the highest efficiencies in the conversion of the ingested food and ingested and digested in biomass.

Os resíduos das plantas constituem-se na parte mais importante do sistema de plantio direto. Apesar da cobertura reduzir a população de ervas, ela pode interceptar os herbicidas quando aplicados sobre a palha. Experimentos a campo, bioensaios e análises cromatográficas foram realizados, utilizando-se o imazaquin nas doses de zero, 75, 150 e 300 g/ha, aplicado sobre 7000 e 14000 kg/ha de resíduos de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) e também em solo sem cobertura. Amostras de solo e palha foram coletadas imediatamente após a aplicação do imazaquin. Vinte e quatro horas após a aplicação do herbicida, o experimento foi irrigado e novas amostras foram coletadas para bioensaios e análises cromatográficas. A população de ervas era formada por Brachiaria plantaginea, Euphorbia heterophylla e Bidens pilosa. Antes da irrigação, os resíduos de aveia interceptaram aproximadamente 90% do produto em 7000 e 14000 kg/ha de cobertura. Praticamente todo o imazaquin foi lixiviado para o solo após a irrigação. Esses resultados indicam que o imazaquin tem perspectivas de uso em plantio direto na palha.

The plant residues are the main part of the no-tillage system. Although the coverage reduces weed population density, they might intercept herbicides when applied on the mulch. Field experiments, bioassays and chromatographic analysis were made using imazaquin at the rates: zero, 75, 150 and 300 g/ha applied on 7000 and 14000 kg/ha of oat residues and on soil without mulch. Soil and straw samples were collected immediately after imazaquin application. Twenty four hours after imazaquin application the field was irrigated and more samples were collected for bioassays and chromatographics analysis. The weed population were formed by Brachiaria plantaginea, Euphorbia heterophylla and Bidens pilosa. Before irrigation, the oat residues intercepted approximately 90% from 7000 to 14000 kg/ha. Imazaquin has a great chance to be used in no-till system.

A mistura em tanque de herbicidas dessecantes com residuais tem sido utilizada com frequencia pelos agricultores no sistema de plantio direto. Sabe-se, no entanto, que alguns herbicidas residuais têm problemas de retenção na palha quando utilizados isoladamente em préemergência nesse sistema. O objetivo do presente trabalho, foi estudar o comportamento dos herbicidas residuais atrazine e acetochlor em mistura com dessecantes no manejo em plantio direto. Para tal, foi instalado um experimento em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos, alocados na parcela, em número de nove, foram constituidos pelas seguintes misturas de herbicidas: 1) acetochlor + glyphosate; 2) acetochlor + glyphosate + 2,4D; 3) acetochlor + paraquat; 4) acetochlor + paraquat + 2,4D; 5) atrazine + glyphosate; 6) atrazine + glyphosate + 2,4D; 7) atrazine + paraquat; 8) atrazine + óleo vegetal; 9) testemunha não tratada. Os tratamentos da sub parcela, em número de dois, foram constituidos pelas modalidades de aplicação dos herbicidas na cobertura vegetal: 1) aplicação com a cobertura "em pé"; 2) aplicação com a cobertura "rolada". A cobertura vegetal de inverno era formada pela consorciação de aveia-preta + ervilhaca comum. Os resultados mostraram que o controle de Brachiaria plantaginea, Euphorbia heterophylla e Bidens pilosa foi melhor efetuado com os tratamentos onde entrou o atrazine. De maneira geral, o controle obtido na modalidade "em pé," foi melhor do que na modalidade "rolada," principalmente nos tratamentos com acetochlor. A análise cromatográfica de resíduos feita em amostras de solo retiradas do experimento antes e após uma chuva de 41mm ocorrida 24 horas após a aplicação dos tratamentos, mostrou que menos de 6 % do acetochlor aplicado foi detectado no solo, em ambas as modalidades de aplicação. Quanto ao atrazine, no entanto, mais de 78 % do total aplicado foi detectado no solo após a chuva na modalidade "rolada", em qualquer tratamento; neste caso, os maiores valores foram 91% para atrazine+óleo vegetal e 90% para atrazine+glyphosate+2,4D. Na modalidade "em pé'', os maiores valores foram obtidos com atrazine+óleo vegetal (77 %) e com atrazine+glyphosate+2,4D (70 %).

Tank mix involving desiccants plus residual herbicides have been used by farmers in no- till system. Nevertheless, it has been commented that the residual herbicides can stay retained in the straw when used in pre-emergence in this system. The objective of this trial, was to study the reaction of the residual herbicides atrazine and acetochlor in tank mix with desiccants herbicides for corn crop in no-till system. The experiment was settled in Londrina, State of Paraná, using a randomized complete block design in a split plot arrangement. Nine treatments were located at the main plots: 1) acetochlor + glyphosate; 2) acetochlor + glyphosate + 2,4D; 3) acetochlor + paraquat; 4) acetochlor + paraquat + 2,4D; 5) atrazine + glyphosate; 6) atrazine + glyphosate + 2,4D; 7) atrazine + paraquat; 8) atrazine + vegetal oil; 9) check without herbicides. Two modalities of herbicides application of herbicides were tested in split plots: 1) application on a "non rolled" cover crops; 2) application on a "rolled"cover crops. The winter cover crops were a mixture of plants formed by Avena strigosa Schreb plus Vicia sativa L. The best control of Brachiaria plantaginea, Euphorbia heterophylla and Bidens pilosa was obtained with atrazine treatments. In general terms, the treatments "non rolled" were better than the "rolled" ones for weed control. The chromatografic analysis of the soil sampled from the plots before and after 41 mm of a rainfall that occured 24 h after application of the herbicides, showed that less than 6% of the acetochlor applied was detected in soil in both modalities of application. In respect to atrazine however, more than 78% of the total applied was detected in soil after the rain in the "rolled" modality in any treatment. In this case, the highest values were obtained with atrazine + vegetal oil (91%) and atrazine + glyphosate + 2,4D (90%). In the same manner, in "non rolled"modality, the highest values were obtained with atrazine + vegetal oil (77%) and atrazine + glyphosate + 2,4D (70%).

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de trifluralin em pré-emergência no sistema de plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 1995/96, na sede do IAPAR Londrina/PR, utilizando-se palha de aveia-preta como cobertura morta. O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos da parcela foram as quantidades de palha: zero, seis e 12t/ha de matéria seca e os da subparcela foram as doses de trifluralin: zero, 1200, 2400, 3600 e 4800g/ha i.a. A cultura de verão foi a de milho, cv. AG-510. O herbicida foi aplicado com pulverizador de precisão (CO2) munido com barra de 3m e seis bicos 80.02, vazão de 200 l/ha e pressão de 35 lb/pol2. Vinte e quatro horas após a aplicação do produto, foi feita uma irrigação de 20mm para forçar a lixiviação do produto da palha para o solo. Antes e após a irrigação, foram feitas amostragens de solo e da palha para serem submetidas a análise de resíduos por cromatografia. Parte desse solo amostrado, foi utilizado em bioensaios, utilizando-se sorgo forrageiro como planta-teste. Pelos resultados observados no campo, nos bioensaios (fitotoxicidade no sorgo) e pelos resultados das análises cromatográficas de resíduos na palha e no solo, concluiu-se que trifluralin não atingiu o solo, mesmo com a irrigação efetuada. Apenas traços desse produto foram detectados no solo e na palha, tanto antes como após a irrigação.

The plant residues are the main part of the no-tillage system. Although these soil covers reduce weed population density, they might intercept herbicides when applied on the mulch. Field experiment, bioassays and chromatographic analysis were made using trifluralin at the rates: zero, 1200, 2400, 3600 and 4800 g.a.i/ha applied on 6000 and 12000 kg/ha of oat residues and on soil without mulch. Soil and straw samples were collected immediately after trifluralin application. Twenty four hours after trifluralin application the field was irrigated and more samples were collected for bioassays and chromatographic analysis. The results showed that the weed-crop competition was reduced under mulch conditions. The weed population were formed by Brachiaria plantaginea only. Trifluralin was not leached to the soil surface. This product was not detected neither in the straw nor in the soil after irrigation.